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Photo of Hannah Arendt in 1958 / Münchner Stadtmuseum, Sammlung Fotografie (CC BY-SA 4.0) Text: Essi Ryymin Philosopher and political theorist Hannah Arendt’s (1906-1975) “The Origins of Totalitarianism” (1951) is a significant work that explores the emergence of totalitarian regimes in the 20th century, focusing on Nazism and Stalinism. Arendt examines the historical, political, and social foundations of totalitarianism, providing insights into how these regimes gained power, how they functioned, and what set them apart from other authoritarian systems. Arendt’s analysis is still strikingly relevant in today’s context. Many current political trends in Western democracies reflect her concerns about society descending into moral and cultural decline. Masses of alienated and isolated Like in the past, populism attracts individuals who feel overlooked by conventional political leaders. In many countries, populist movements often arise from a sense of frustration with the political establishment. Voters may feel that their problems are being overlooked and that the system is working against them. Arendt argued that isolation fosters totalitarianism. Today, technological and social shifts, and globalisation, have contributed to a sense of disconnection among many. The decline of traditional community structures, increasing inequality, and societal fragmentation have created an environment where the masses feel isolated and powerless, making them more vulnerable to populist messages. Arendt noted that totalitarian movements often gravitate around a charismatic leader who offers hope. Populist movements frequently revolve around leaders who position themselves as outsiders and defenders of the ordinary people. These leaders often promise to take the battle to the political elite and propose simple solutions to complex issues such as immigration and trade. Declining, destroying, dehumanising Many populist movements express strong hostility to traditional democratic institutions, including the judiciary, the media and political elections. When these institutions oppose populism, they are often labeled as corrupt or biased, similar to how totalitarian leaders undermine institutions to strengthen their control. This decline in trust in democratic institutions is one of the critical warning signs Arendt highlighted. Arendt cautioned that the destruction of truth is a crucial step toward totalitarianism. The surge of fake news, disinformation, and “alternative facts” makes it increasingly difficult for many to discern what is true. Arendt pointed out that totalitarian regimes often capitalise on and exacerbate racial and ethnic tensions, using these divisions to strengthen their control. Populist leaders frequently rally their followers by portraying certain groups as enemies of the state or nation. Totalitarian regimes dehumanise and marginalise specific groups to unify the masses. The normalisation of evil One concept deeply concerning is Hannah Arendt’s "the banality of evil”. This idea is central to her book “Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil” (1963). The book stems from Arendt’s reporting on the 1961 trial of Adolf Eichmann (1906-1962), a high-ranking Nazi official. Eichmann was a principal architect of the Holocaust, tasked with organising the logistics of deporting millions of Jews. Arendt contended that Eichmann was not a monstrous, fanatical ideologue but rather an ordinary bureaucrat and a family man who followed orders without critically considering their moral consequences. He prioritised obedience to authority and career advancement over personal responsibility or ethical reflection. The concept of the banality of evil (as Arendt understood it “evil becoming an everyday thing” and “evil as a common action”) concretisises how not only individuals but also societies can slip into authoritarianism where dehumanising policies become the norm. This shift occurs gradually, as political parties and establishment start to accept or overlook harmful actions, often citing political pragmatism, fear of losing support, or the belief that making concessions will protect a perceived greater good. Getting involved In open societies healthy democratic parties distance themselves from the extreme rhetoric of populist parties. However, as time goes on, they may begin to tolerate or even incorporate certain aspects of these policies as part of a broader strategy to stay competitive. In some cases, democratic parties might even ally with populist or far-right parties to maintain power or justify specific policy goals. In doing so, they often compromise on core principles and implicitly endorse the extreme elements of their partners’ agendas. Without others, the night does not go on A year ago, I went to see the play Eichmann – Where the Night Begins at Tampereen Työväen Teatteri. The work is based on a text by Italian playwright Stefano Massini (b. 1975) who explores the origins of evil and the individual’s responsibility within a totalitarian system by an imagined dialogue between philosopher Hannah Arendt and Adolf Eichmann. The performance brings to the stage Arendt’s finding that evil can become ordinary when a society quietly begins to accept inhumanity as part of normal life. Massini emphasises that no one changes the course of history alone, but everyone plays a part in it. As the play’s introduction states: “One person’s role may be the first, the hundredth, or the thousandth – but without others, the night does not go on". What made the performance especially memorable was the charismatic Seela Sella’s (b. 1936) role as Hannah Arendt. Her powerful presence and portrayal of the uncompromising Arendt were unforgettable. #BookClub #HannahArendt #TheOriginsofTotalitarianism# #EichmannInJerusalem #IndividualResponsibility #MoralRreflection #CrisiOf Democracy Note: Generative AI (DeepL, and Grammarly) was used to assist with the language proofreading and grammatical refinement of this post. However, as the text has not been checked by a native English speaker, it contains some oddities. Image: Stephan Dost / Adobe Stock (Free License) Tiivistelmä suomeksi:
"Mistä yö alkaa?" Filosofi Hannah Arendtin (1906-1975) teos The Origins of Totalitarianism (suomeksi "Totalitarismin synty") on vuonna 1951 julkaistu klassikkoteos, jossa Arendt tarkastelee totalitaaristen järjestelmien, erityisesti natsismin ja stalismin, historiallisia, poliittisia ja sosiaalisia juuria. Hän analysoi, miten antisemitismi, imperialismi, massojen vieraantuminen ja yhteisöllisyyden rapautuminen loivat pohjan totalitarismille, ja miten karismaattiset johtajat pystyivät hyödyntämään ihmisten turhautumista. Arendt toteaa, että demokratioiden heikkeneminen alkaa usein luottamuksen menettämisestä instituutioihin, totuuden vääristymisestä ja viholliskuvien rakentamisesta. Pelottavan tuttua. Myöhemmässä teoksessaan Eichmann Jerusalemissa: raportti pahuuden banaaliudesta (1963) Arendt syventää totalitarismianalyysiaan tarkastelemalla natsirikollinen Adolf Eichmannin (1906-1962) oikeudenkäyntiä. Hän esittää, että Eichmann ei ollut poikkeuksellinen hirviö, vaan tavallinen virkamies, joka “seurasi vain ohjeita”, kuten Eichmann hoki oikeudenkäyntinsä loppuun saakka. Arendt korostaa yksilön vastuuta, kriittisen ajattelun merkitystä ja demokraattisten arvojen puolustamista silloinkin, kun se tarkoittaa jo vakiintuneiden sääntöjen, ohjeiden ja normien vastustamista. Kävin katsomassa vuosi sitten Tampereen Työväen Teatterin esityksen “Eichmann – mistä yö alkaa”. Kyseessä oli Stefano Massinin (s. 1975) teksti, joka rakentuu kuvitteelliseen keskusteluun Hannah Arendtin ja Adolf Eichmannin välillä. Teos tutkii, miten tavallinen ihminen voi muuttua väkivallan ja julmuuden välineeksi noudattaessaan sokeasti käskyjä. “Yhden ihmisen rooli voi olla ensimmäinen, sadas tai tuhannes – mutta ilman muita yö ei jatku.” Esityksestä teki erityisen mieleenpainuvan itkettävän ihanan, säkenöivän karismaattisen, käsittämättömän lahjakkaan (jep, olen fani) Seela Sellan (s. 1936) rooli periksiantamattomana Hannad Arendtina. “Ja äkkiä oli yö.” #BookClub #HannahArendt #TheOriginsofTotalitarianism# #EichmannInJerusalem #IndividualResponsibility #MoralRreflection #CrisiOf Democracy Ps. Käytin tämän postauksen englannin kielen tarkistamiseen generatiivista tekoälyä (DeepL ja Grammarly). Koska natiivi englannin osaaja ei kuitenkaan ole oikolueknut tekstiä, se sisältää kummallisuuksia. Saattaapa niitä sisältää suomenkielinen tiivistelmäkin, mutta otan härmän suhteen vähän enemmän vapauksia. 6/15/2025 0 Comments Does money really run society? Nancy Fraser's critical analysis reminds us of the stories we don't tellText: Essi Ryymin
*Please scroll down for the Finnish summary* Introduction: Why did I pick this book? I happened to be listening to a curated program that explored how Finland, which was one of Europe's poorest countries after the wars, became one of the wealthiest nations in the world. One historian credited this development to "industrial magnates" who used their funds and resources to rebuild Finland's economy after the wars. These magnates invested in renovating industrial facilities, purposefully invested in national assets and new industries, established trade relations abroad, brought foreign currency to Finland, and created jobs. This cannot be denied, and that domestic investment, in particular, sounds nostalgic. But. Let's consider that wondrous moment when an industrial magnate is born, red-faced and vigorously wailing, into this world, seemingly at the Women's Clinic (Naistenklinikka), into the arms of a trained midwife. Let's fast-forward the image a bit; our little magnate now moves swiftly from lap to lap, from one form of care to another. In addition to his parents, we see the nurse and doctor from the Child Health Clinic (neuvola), and now, they're already getting him a tuberculosis vaccination! And now he is toddling vigorously to kindergarten, where a well-educated teacher favorably shapes our magnate's brain through play, social skills, and Fröbel blocks. And before long, our little hero is welcomed to school, and then he moves on to the next level, learning everything imaginable and a little more, and to his astonishment, he makes friends from the other side of a bridge, a working-class quarter. Next, we cut to a scene where the industrial magnate gazes contentedly at their diligent workers in his factory. A hand reaches for a cigar in his pocket, but not yet. Later, after a well-deserved evening cognac. And didn't our leader arrive at the scene via a proper, paved road! A road that gets repaired immediately when frost takes its toll. Well, times were different then, and the liberalisation of financial markets and mullets were still an unbelievable future. This faltering line of thought, however, provides the background for why Nancy Fraser felt relevant again. What do we talk about when we talk about success? Summary of the book Nancy Fraser’s Cannibal Capitalism: How Our System Is Devouring Democracy, Care, and the Planet — and What We Can Do About It (2022) provides a critical analysis of some irresponsible forms of contemporary capitalism. Fraser employs a feminist perspective to discuss social reproduction theories, highlighting how the daily and generational processes required to support humans are closely intertwined with the capitalist system. However, these processes are often undervalued and, in some cases, exploited by capitalism. Fraser argues that this system is "cannibalistic", as it exploits and consumes the very foundations necessary for its own survival. Capitalism undermines essential elements of society, including the environment, democracy, social care, and public goods, all in its relentless pursuit of profit and growth. Capitalism as a “cannibalistic” system that consumes its own foundations So, the main point of the book is that capitalism doesn’t just exploit workers in the economic realm but also extends its exploitation to areas traditionally considered outside the market, especially social reproduction. What is, then, social reproduction? All those biological, economic, cultural, and emotional activities that sustain human life and social systems that capitalism takes for granted. For example: parenting, child care, elder care, health care, social care, feeding, housing, cooking, cleaning, care giving, schooling, educating, supporting, nurturing of psychological well-being… These systems rely often on unpaid and underpaid work performed by women while undervaluing and exhausting this essential labor. Erosion of democratic institutions — and nature Capitalism corrodes democratic institutions, concentrating power in the hands of corporations and the wealthy and weakening citizens’ ability to influence governance and policy. Capitalism drains natural resources and accelerates environmental devastation, contributing to climate change and ecological collapse. These crises are interconnected. They feed off each other, making things worse. For example, environmental destruction leads to social unrest, which then weakens democracy. This makes it easier for a few people to have more power. Fraser shows how capitalism connects with race, gender and colonialism. She demonstrates how marginalised groups, including women, people of colour and indigenous communities, are significantly impacted by the adverse effects of capitalism. Fraser suggests that to tackle the damaging effects of capitalism, people need to become aware of how it affects every area of our lives. We need to re-imagine the society we live in Fraser criticises the limitations of reformist approaches to capitalism (in terms of gradual change through existing institutions). She believes that just making a few changes won’t solve the fundamental problems with the system. Instead, she calls for a radical re-imagining of how society is organised, demanding changes that address the root causes of capitalism’s problems. “If you only look at capitalism as an economic system, you don’t see how it drives climate change; how it drives a severe crisis of social reproduction, sometimes narrowly called a “crisis of care”; how it drives political crisis, the hollowing out of public power. You don’t see how we get a huge crisis of racial justice. All these strands are elements of a single crisis of capitalism. If you don’t see capitalism broadly, you’ll think they are separate things and might try to address them separately in ways that won’t work in the end.” (Nancy Fraser, 2022) My Take Aways?
*Tiivistelmä suomeksi* Pyörittääkö raha todella yhteiskuntaa? Nancy Fraserin kriittinen analyysi muistuttaa meitä niistä menestystarinoista, joista vaikenemme Aluksi: Miksi tartuin tähän kirjaan? Satuin kuuntelemaan erästä toimitettua ohjelmaa, jossa pohdittiin, miten Suomesta, joka oli sotien jälkeen yksi Euroopan köyhimmistä valtioista, tuli yksi maailman vauraimmista maista. Muuan historioitsija kiitteli kehityskulusta ”teollisuuspatruunoita”, jotka käyttivät varojaan ja resurssejaan Suomen talouden jälleenrakentamiseen sotien jälkeen. Patruunat investoivat teollisuuslaitosten uudistamiseen, sijoittivat tavoitteellisesti kansalliseen omaisuuteen ja uusiin teollisuudenaloihin, loivat kauppasuhteita ulkomaille, toivat Suomeen valuuttaa ja loivat työpaikkoja. Tätä ei voi kiistää, ja etenkin tuo kotimaahan sijoittaminen tuntuu "eri kivalta", kuten Suomisen Ollista. Mutta. Katsotaanpa sitä ihmeellistä hetkeä, kun teollisuuspatruuna syntyy punakkana ja tarmokkaasti karjuen tähän maailmaan, näköjään Naistenklinikalla, koulutetun kätilön käsivarsille. Nopeutetaan vähän kuvavirtaa eteenpäin; pikkuinen patruunamme siirtyy nyt vinhaa vauhtia sylistä syliin, hoivasta hoivaan. Vanhempien lisäksi näemme neuvolan terveyssisaren ja lääkärin, ja kas, nyt hän saakin jo tuberkuloosirokotuksen. Ja nyt jo taapertaa pontevana lastentarhaan, jossa koulutettu opettaja muokkaa suotuisasti patruunamme aivoja leikin, sosiaalisten taitojen ja Fröbelin palikoiden avulla. Eikä aikaakaan, kun pieni sankarimme toivotetaan tervetulleeksi kouluun, ja sitten hän jo siirtyykin seuraavalle luokalle, oppii kaikkea mahdollista ja vähän enemmänkin, ja saa hämmästyksekseen kavereita toiselta puolen pitkää siltaa. Seuraavaksi leikkaamme kuvaan, jossa teollisuuspatruuna katselee tehtaallaan tyytyväisenä ahkeria työntekijöitään. Käsi hamuaa sikaria taskusta, mutta ei vielä. Sitten ansaitun iltakonjakin jälkeen. Ja eikö vain johtajamme saapunutkin tapahtumapaikalle ihan oikeaa, päällystettyä tietä pitkin! Tietä, jota heti korjataan, kun routa runtelee. No niin, aika oli tuolloin toinen. Finanssimarkkinoiden vapautuminen ja takajeejeet olivat vielä uskomatonta tulevaisuutta. Tämä haparoiva ajatuskulku kuitenkin taustaksi siihen, miksi Nancy Fraser tuntui jälleen ajankohtaiselta. Mistä kerromme, kun kerromme menestyksestä? Tiivistelmä kirjasta Nancy Fraserin kirja Kannibaalikapitalismi — Miten päästä eroon järjestelmästä, joka syö demokratian, hyvinvoinnin ja maapallon (2024) analysoi kriittisesti ja kokonaisvaltaisesti kapitalismia kuvaten sitä kannibalistiseksi järjestelmäksi. Tällä vertauskuvalla Fraser tarkoittaa, että kapitalismi kuluttaa ja tuhoaa jatkuvan kasvun ja voitontavoittelun nimissä niitä yhteiskunnan perusteita, joista se on myös itse riippuvainen. Näitä kriittisiä kohteita ovat erityisesti ympäristö, demokratia, hoiva ja julkiset palvelut. Heikentyvä demokratia ja haurastuva valtio, joka ei huolehdi jäsenistään, johtaa epävakaaseen ja polarisoituvaan yhteiskuntaan. Yksilön elämässä kannibaalikapitalismi voi näyttäytyä muun muassa jatkuvana kilpailuna, voimavarojen ja resurssien vähenemisenä, kuormittumisena sekä arvottomuuden ja turvattomuuden kokemuksina. Mitä otan mukaan?
Edit. 16.6. 2025. Päätin kirjoittaa näkyväksi, mikä innosti tarttumaan Fraserin kirjaan. Lisäksi muokkasin rakennetta ja kielioppia. En ole natiivi englanninkielinen, mutta Grammarly auttaa, ehkä. Olen blogin testailuvaiheessa, joten en vielä oikein tiedä minkälainen blogi tästä tulee tai tuleeko mitään. #BookClub #BookReview #TakeAways |
AuthorEssi Ryymin is an educator and researcher who is curious about societal changes and emerging tech trends. She also thinks that having some fun in this serious world is good for your heart. Archives
April 2026
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